Car & Technology, F1 Explained

The Heart of Formula 1: Understanding F1 Power Units

By Lavesh Pillay

Formula 1 has always been a battleground for engineering excellence, with power units serving as the heart of these high-performance machines. Over the decades, the sport has transitioned from naturally aspirated V12s and V10s to the current era of hybrid turbocharged V6 engines, emphasizing efficiency without compromising speed. The introduction of hybrid technology in 2014 reshaped F1, blending internal combustion with electric energy recovery systems to enhance performance and fuel efficiency.

However, as global sustainability initiatives grow and F1 continues its push toward carbon neutrality, the sport is set for another significant shift in 2026 with the introduction of a new power unit formula. These changes aim to make the sport more sustainable while maintaining its competitive edge.

How F1 Power Units Work Today

The current Formula 1 power unit, introduced in 2014, is a 1.6-liter turbocharged V6 hybrid system. It consists of several key components:

  • Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): A turbocharged V6 engine that burns fuel to generate power.
  • Motor Generator Unit – Kinetic (MGU-K): Captures energy from braking and converts it into electrical power.
  • Motor Generator Unit – Heat (MGU-H): Converts heat energy from exhaust gases into electrical power (to be removed in 2026).
  • Energy Store (ES): A lithium-ion battery that stores and distributes electrical energy.
  • Turbocharger: Compresses air into the engine to improve efficiency and power output.

The combination of these components results in a highly efficient power unit, capable of producing over 1,000 horsepower while using significantly less fuel than the previous V8 engines. However, costs, complexity, and the reliance on MGU-H technology have been key challenges.

The 2026 F1 Power Unit Regulations: A Major Overhaul

The FIA’s 2026 power unit regulations mark one of the most significant shifts in recent F1 history. The new rules focus on three main objectives: simplifying the power unit, increasing sustainability, and maintaining performance parity.

1. Increased Electrical Power Output

One of the most notable changes is the dramatic increase in the contribution of electrical energy. Currently, the hybrid system accounts for around 160 horsepower. In 2026, the electrical power component will rise to 50% of the total power output, increasing to around 470 horsepower.

  • The MGU-K will take on a more prominent role, compensating for the removal of the MGU-H.
  • This shift aligns with the sport’s sustainability goals and makes power units more relevant to the road car industry.

2. The Removal of the MGU-H

The MGU-H, which harvested energy from exhaust heat, has been one of the most complex and costly components in modern F1 power units. From 2026, this system will be completely removed.

  • This move is expected to lower costs and encourage new manufacturers to enter the sport.
  • Teams will have to develop alternative ways to manage turbo lag and energy recovery.

3. 100% Sustainable Fuels

F1 has been progressively reducing its carbon footprint, and the 2026 regulations will mandate fully sustainable fuels.

  • These fuels will be derived from non-food sources, ensuring they don’t compete with food supply chains.
  • The aim is to achieve carbon neutrality, meaning the CO₂ emitted during combustion is offset by the carbon captured during fuel production.

4. Power Unit Cost Cap

In an effort to ensure financial sustainability and competitiveness, a cost cap on power unit development will be enforced.

  • This restriction is designed to prevent excessive spending by manufacturers while allowing for innovation within controlled parameters.
  • It will also help level the playing field between well-funded and smaller teams.

5. More Balanced Performance Between ICE and Hybrid Components

With the MGU-H removed, manufacturers must develop highly efficient internal combustion engines while maximizing electrical recovery through the MGU-K.

  • The overall power output will remain around 1,000 horsepower, but how it is delivered will change.
  • Drivers will have to manage energy deployment more strategically, making race strategy and battery management even more crucial.

The Impact of the 2026 Power Unit Regulations

A More Competitive Playing Field

One of the main criticisms of the current hybrid era is the dominance of manufacturers like Mercedes and Honda due to their superior power unit technology. The removal of the MGU-H and the cost cap should encourage closer competition by making engine development less of an arms race.

Attracting New Manufacturers

The simplified F1 power unit regulations and cost caps have already attracted new manufacturers. Audi has confirmed its entry into F1 in 2026, partnering with Sauber, while Honda is set to return as an official power unit supplier for Aston Martin. Ford has also announced a collaboration with Red Bull Powertrains, signaling a broader interest in the sport’s new direction.

A Step Toward Sustainability

By shifting to 100% sustainable fuels and increasing the hybrid component, F1 is reinforcing its commitment to environmental responsibility. These advancements also align with broader automotive industry trends, ensuring F1 remains relevant in an era focused on sustainability.

Potential Challenges

While the 2026 regulations offer many advantages, they also pose new challenges:

  • Managing turbo lag without the MGU-H could impact throttle response and drivability.
  • Teams will need to optimize energy recovery and deployment under the new system to maintain performance levels.
  • Balancing lightweight design and battery efficiency will be critical, as the increased hybrid element may affect car weight distribution.

Conclusion

Formula 1’s 2026 power unit regulations represent a bold step toward sustainability and efficiency while maintaining the sport’s high-performance nature. By increasing electrical power output, eliminating the MGU-H, and introducing 100% sustainable fuels, the FIA is shaping F1 into a technologically advanced yet more cost-effective and competitive sport.

These changes promise to redefine how teams approach power unit development, racing strategy, and energy management. While challenges remain, the 2026 regulations pave the way for a future where Formula 1 continues to push the boundaries of performance while aligning with global sustainability goals.

To learn more about Formula 1, visit our F1 Explained page